Evidence for Hierarchical Black Hole Mergers in the Second LIGO–Virgo Gravitational Wave Catalog

By C. Kimball, Colm Talbot, C. Berry, Michael Zevin, E. Thrane, Vicky Kalogera, R. Buscicchio, M. Carney, T. Dent, H. Middleton and 3 more. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2020

134 citations recorded by the source corpus.

We study the population properties of merging binary black holes in the second LIGO–Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog assuming they were all formed dynamically in gravitationally bound clusters. Using a phenomenological population model, we infer the mass and spin distribution of first-generation black holes, while self-consistently accounting for hierarchical mergers. Considering a range of cluster masses, we see compelling evidence for hierarchical mergers in clusters with escape velocities ≳100 km s−1. For our most probable cluster mass, we find that the catalog contains at least one second-generation merger with 99% credibility. We find that the hierarchical model is preferred over an alternative model with no hierarchical mergers (Bayes factor >1400 ) and that GW190521 is favored to contain two second-generation black holes with odds >700 , and GW190519, GW190602, GW190620, and GW190706 are mixed-generation binaries with >10 . However, our results depend strongly on the cluster escape velocity, with more modest evidence for hierarchical mergers when the escape velocity is ≲100 km s−1. Assuming that all binary black holes are formed dynamically in globular clusters with escape velocities on the order of tens of km s−1, GW190519 and GW190521 are favored to include a second-generation black hole with odds >1 . In this case, we find that 99% of black holes from the inferred total population have masses that are less than 49M ⊙, and that this constraint is robust to our choice of prior on the maximum black hole mass.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a999189175e063eccc940824b46ae784b723af65

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In Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. V. Vaskonen
2. H. Veermae
3. M. Raidal
4. Gert Hütsi
5. B. Carr
6. Florian Kuhnel
7. A. Riotto
8. G. Franciolini

In Nuclear and High Energy Physics

1. H. Veermae
2. M. Raidal
3. Gert Hütsi
4. V. Vaskonen
5. B. Carr
6. Florian Kuhnel
7. K. Kannike

Citations in the corpus

• Two populations of LIGO-Virgo black holes (2020, background): “more than one generation of mergers, i.e., proceed in a hierarchical fashion [105]. This might help to populate the above-mentioned PISN mass gap and explain the occurrence of events such as GW190521 [106]. { 12 { + ( / ) ( ) / Figure 6. Left panel: Comparison of the z dependencies of the astrophysi”
• GW231123: A Binary Black Hole Merger with Total Mass 190–265 M⊙ (2025, unknown): “Previous analyses have suggested evidence for hierarchical mergers in GW catalogs (Kimball et al. 2021; Mould et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2022; Li et al. 2024; Pierra et al. 2024; Hussain et al. 2024; An-tonini et al. 2025), but the population of BH remnants receive gravitational recoils as high as 10…”