The SAURON project – I. The panoramic integral-field spectrograph

By R. Bacon, Y. Copin, Guy J. Monnet, B. Miller, J. Allington-Smith, M. Bureau, C. Carollo, Roger Davies, Eric Emsellem, H. Kuntschner and 3 more. 2001

529 citations recorded by the source corpus.

A new integral-field spectrograph, SAURON, is described. It is based on the TIGER principle, and uses a lenslet array. SAURON has a large field of view and high throughput, and allows simultaneous sky subtraction. Its design is optimized for studies of the stellar kinematics, gas kinematics, and line-strength distributions of nearby early-type galaxies. The instrument design and specifications are described, as well as the extensive analysis software which was developed to obtain fully calibrated spectra, and the associated kinematic and line-strength measurements. A companion paper will report on the first results obtained with SAURON on the William Herschel Telescope.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

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Citations in the corpus

STELLAR AND PLANETARY PROPERTIES OF K2 CAMPAIGN 1 CANDIDATES AND VALIDATION OF 17 PLANETS, INCLUDING A PLANET RECEIVING EARTH-LIKE INSOLATION (2015, neutral): “Details of the SNIFS reduction, including dark, bias, and flat-field corrections, cleaning the data of bad pixels and cosmic rays, and extraction of the one-dimensional spectrum are described in Bacon et al. (2001) and Aldering et al. (2006).”
PROSPECTING IN LATE-TYPE DWARFS: A CALIBRATION OF INFRARED AND VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPIC METALLICITIES OF LATE K AND M DWARFS SPANNING 1.5 dex (2012, methodology): “SNIFS data processing is performed with a data reduction pipeline, described in detail in Bacon et al. (2001) and Aldering et al. (2006).”
Fast Fusion of Multi-Band Images Based on Solving a Sylvester Equation (2015, background): “Typical examples of multi-band imag es include hyperspectral (HS) images [1], multi-spectral (MS ) images [2], integral field spectrographs [3], magnetic reso nance spectroscopy images etc.”
The SAURON project – X. The orbital anisotropy of elliptical and lenticular galaxies: revisiting the (V/σ, ɛ) diagram with integral‐field stellar kinematics (2007, methodology): “The goal of this paper is to useSAURON (Bacon et al. 2001, hereafter Paper I) integralfield stellar kinematics to derive the(V/σ, ε) anisotropy diagram for theSAURON sample (de Zeeuw et al. 2002, hereafter Paper II) in a new way that can be rigorously interpreted with the formalism of Binney (2005).”
THE STELLAR INITIAL MASS FUNCTION IN EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES FROM ABSORPTION LINE SPECTROSCOPY. II. RESULTS (2012, background): “…(dwarf-dominated) IMF or a bottom-light (remnant-dominated) IMF. four massive galaxies in the Virgo cluster (originally from van Dokkum & Conroy 2010), 34 galaxies drawn from the SAURON sample of nearby early-type galaxies (Bacon et al. 2001; de Zeeuw et al. 2002), and the nuclear bulge of M31.”
The ATLAS3D project - X. On the origin of the molecular and ionized gas in early-type galaxies (2011, background): “Details of the instrument can be found in Bacon et al. (2001).”
Trumpeting M dwarfs with CONCH-SHELL: a catalogue of nearby cool host-stars for habitable exoplanets and life (2014, methodology): “UH 2.2m and SNIFS: The majority of SNIFS data reduction was performed with the SNIFS data reduction pipeline, which is described in detail in Bacon et al. (2001) and Aldering et al. (2002).”
The SAURON project – VIII. OASIS/CFHT integral-field spectroscopy of elliptical and lenticular galaxy centres (2006, methodology): “We select our sample from galaxies observed as part of theSAURON survey: a study of 72 representative nearby early-type galaxies and spiral bulges observed withSAURON, our custom-built panoramic integral-field spectrograph mounted at the William Herschel Telescope (WHT) on La Palma (Bacon et al. 200”
SPECTRO-THERMOMETRY OF M DWARFS AND THEIR CANDIDATE PLANETS: TOO HOT, TOO COOL, OR JUST RIGHT? (2013, methodology): “The SNIFS pipeline (Bacon et al. 2001; Aldering et al. 2006) performed dark, bias, and flat-field corrections and cleaned the data of bad pixels and cosmic rays.”
STECKMAP: STEllar Content and Kinematics from high resolution galactic spectra via Maximum A Posteriori (2005, methodology): “The application of age-dependent kinematics to integral field spectroscopy data from, for example SAURON (Bacon et al. 2001; de Zeeuw et al. 2002), OASIS (McDermid et al. 2004), MUSE (Henault et al. 2003) or MPFS (Chilingarian et al. 2004) could significantly boost the amount of information extracte”
The SAURON project – XII. Kinematic substructures in early-type galaxies: evidence for discs in fast rotators (2008, background): “The advent of panoramic integralfield units, such as SAURON (Bacon et al. 2001), is changing the technical possibilities and the field itself; it is now possible to systematically map kinematics of nearby galaxies up to their effective radii.”
The ATLAS3D project – III. A census of the stellar angular momentum within the effective radius of early‐type galaxies: unveiling the distribution of fast and slow rotators (2011, methodology): “This study mostly relies on integral-field spectroscopic data from the SAURON instrument (Bacon et al. 2001) mounted on the William Herschel Telescope (La Palma, Canary Islands).”
The SAURON project – IX. A kinematic classification for early‐type galaxies (2007, methodology): “We have recently conducted a survey of 72 early-type (E, S0, Sa) galaxies using the integral-field spectrographSAURON mounted on the William Herschel Telescope in La Palma (Bacon et al. 2001, hereafter Paper I; de Zeeuw et al. 2002, hereaftePaper II).”
The SAURON project - VI. Line strength maps of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies (2006, methodology): “…galaxies and spiral bulges based on measurements of the two-dimensional kinematics and line strengths of stars and gas with SAURON, a custom-built panoramic E-mail: hkuntsch@eso.org integral-field spectrograph for the William Herschel Telescope, La Palma (Bacon et al. 2001, hereafter Paper I).”
The SAURON project – VII. Integral-field absorption and emission-line kinematics of 24 spiral galaxy bulges (2006, methodology): “…U C T I O N We are carrying out a study of the two-dimensional kinematic and stellar population properties of a representative sample of 72 earlytype galaxies, primarily using integral-field observations obtained E-mail: jfalcon@strw.leidenuniv.nl with SAURON (Bacon et al. 2001, hereafter Paper I).”
The ATLAS3D project XV: benchmark for early-type galaxies scaling relations from 260 dynamical models: mass-to-light ratio, dark matter, fundamental plane and mass plane (2012, methodology): “In this work, we make use of the SAURON (Bacon et al. 2001) integral-field stellar kinematics within about one half-light radius Re, which was introduced in Emsellem et al. (2004), for the subset of 48 early types in the SAURON survey (de Zeeuw et al. 2002), and in Paper I for the rest of the ATLAS3”
Structure and Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies from Integral Field Spectroscopy (2016, methodology): “In each plot, the top panel shows the symmetrized SAURON stellar Vrms ≡ √ V 2 + σ2, the second panel is the best fitting JAM model to the Vrms, the third panel is the SAURON mean stellar velocity V and the bottom panel is the best fit to V obtained by keeping the best fitting anisotropy βz , inclina”
The SAURON project - XVI. On the sources of ionization for the gas in elliptical and lenticular galaxies (2009, methodology): “Yet, thlimited wavelength range of theSAURON data (see Bacon et al. 2001) prevents the standard emission-line diagnostic that is routinely used to make a first assessment of the possible ionising sources (e.g., following Veilleux & Osterbrock 1987), so that otherpieces of information are needed to…”
The ATLAS3D project - II. Morphologies, kinemetric features and alignment between photometric and kinematic axes of early-type galaxies (2011, methodology): “The data reduction follows procedures described in Bacon et al. (2001) and Emsellem et al. (2004).”
THE NATURE OF LINER-LIKE EMISSION IN RED GALAXIES (2011, background): “However, current IFS data (SAURON, Bacon et al. 2001; ATLAS3D, Cappellari et al. 2011) have very limited wavelength coverage and do not probe enough strong emission lines to detect the ionization gradient in a large number of galaxies.”