Bias in normalization: Causes, consequences, detection and remedies

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Impact of normalisation, elicitation technique and background information on panel weighting results in life cycle assessment (2014, background): “However, the problem with external normalisation is that there are large uncertainties related to normalisation (Lautier et al. 2010; Heijungs et al. 2007), and normalisation factors related to less established impact categories may not be available.”
Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment. (2009, background): “complicated bias for a normalized score than for an unnormalized score (Heijungs et al., 2007).”
Interpretation of comparative LCAs: external normalization and a method of mutual differences (2017, background): “tion of impacts of metals has been an issue in impact assessment that leads to an overestimation of ecotoxicity impacts as seen in CML-IA (Ligthart et al. 2004; Heijungs et al. 2007).”
Stochastic multi-attribute analysis (SMAA) as an interpretation method for comparative life-cycle assessment (LCA) (2014, background): “However, it is now recognized that problems in existing external normalization approaches include reference data gaps (Heijungs et al. 2007), a lack of consensus in data compilation (Bare et al.”