Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the large carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
By R. Leys, S. J. Cooper, Michael Schwarz. 2002
97 citations recorded by the source corpus.
The biogeographical history of major groups of bees with worldwide distributions have often been explained through hypotheses based on Gondwanan vicariance or long distance dispersal events, but until recently these hypotheses have been very difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish. New fossil data, comprehensive information on Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastline positions and the availability of phylogenetically informative DNA markers now makes it feasible to test these hypotheses for some groups of bees. This paper presents historical biogeographical analyses of the genus Xylocopa Latreille, based on phylogenetic analyses of species belonging to 22 subgenera using molecular data from two nuclear genes, elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), combined with previously published morphological and mitochondrial data sets. Phylogenetic analyses based on parsimony and likelihood approaches resulted in several groups of subgenera supported by high bootstrap values (>85%): an American group with the Oriental/Palaearctic subgenera Nyctomelitta and Proxylocopa as sister taxa; a geographically diverse group (Xylocopa s.l); and a group consisting of African and Oriental subgenera. The relationships among these three clades and the subgenus Perixylocopa remained unresolved. The Oriental subgenus Biluna was found to be the sister group of all other carpenter bee subgenera included in this study. Using a relaxed molecular clock calibrated using fossil carpenter bees, we show that the major splits in the carpenter bee phylogeny occurred well after the final breakup of Gondwanaland (the separation of South America and Africa, 100 Mya), but before important Miocene fusion events. Ancestral area analysis showed that the genus Xylocopa most likely had an Oriental-Palaearctic origin and that the present world distribution of Xylocopa subgenera resulted mainly from independent dispersal events. The influence of Pleistocene glaciations on carpenter bee distributions is also discussed. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 77, 249–266.
Subfields: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Plant Science
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a8e3efa498fbd3454c08a318d8f80c39fc1adb1a
How researchers see this paper
The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.
In Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Citations in the corpus
- Molecular systematics of Australian carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera : Calliphoridae) based on mitochondrial DNA (2005, background): “Such bias may be the result of directional mutations causing increased transition rates (Leys et al. 2002), which may lead to an increase in homoplasies that act to obscure phylogenetic relationships (Leys et al.”
- Molecular Markers in Phylogenetic Studies-A Review (2014, methodology): “PEPCK Codes for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [62]”
- Decline of a biome: evolution, contraction, fragmentation, extinction and invasion of the Australian mesic zone biota (2011, unknown): “Invertebrates that appear to have arrived in Australia only after isolation from Antarctica include multiple bee groups (Lowe & Crozier, 1997; Leys et al., 2002; Danforth et al., 2004; Schwarz et al., 2004, 2006; Fuller et al., 2005; Schiffer et al., 2007), and some cockroaches and termites…”