A two-staged surface treatment to improve properties of rubber modified cement composites

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Rubber modified concrete improved by chemically active coating and silane coupling agent (2013, methodology): “This study employed a new approach to improve the performance of rubber modified cement concrete through developing a cementitious coating around rubber particles with silane coupling agent [28].”
Recycling of waste tire rubber in asphalt and portland cement concrete: An overview (2014, background): “The results from their studies show that the compressive strength of rubber-modified cement mortar could be increased by up to 110% and the method was also effective in improving performance of rubber modified concrete [82,84].”
Optimisation of rubberised concrete with high rubber content: An experimental investigation (2016, background): “Ca(OH)2 [46], silane coupling agents [47], organic sulphur compounds [48] or acid [40], as well as partial oxidation of the rubber surface [49], exposure to UV radiations [50] or pre-coating with cement [51], mortar [26], silica fume [39], limestone [52] or sand [45].”
Composites with recycled rubber aggregates: Properties and opportunities in construction (2018, background): “However, silane coupling agents can be used to increase the water affinity at the rubber’s ITZ [Huang 2013].”