Shark-skin surfaces for fluid-drag reduction in turbulent flow: a review

By Brian C. Dean, Bharat Bhushan. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2010

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Modeling and simulation in tribology across scales: An overview (2018, background): “, i nsect legs [503], lotus leaves [504,505], nacre [506], as well as animal [507-509] and human skin [ 510-512], –whose hierarchical scheme of contact splitting has been described as a way to optimize s urface adaptability, self-cleaning abilities, and t o avoid self-bunching [500]–, and are theref”
Multi-Scale Surface Texturing in Tribology—Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives (2019, background): “A well-studied phenomenon is the drag reduction observed for dolphins and sharks induced by their skin containing features of at least two different scales [12,13].”
Hydrodynamic lubrication of textured surfaces: A review of modeling techniques and key findings (2016, background): “For example, special surface structures can increase adhesion, enabling tree frogs to safely walk on wet surfaces [1] or reduce aerodynamic drag, making the movement of sharks in water more efficient [2].”
Structure, biomimetics, and fluid dynamics of fish skin surfaces * (2016, methodology): “In considering the effect of surface structures on drag, it is useful to consider both the Reynolds number Re and a dimensionless S+ number [5,16,17].”