Quasi Two-Level Operation of Modular Multilevel Converter for Use in a High-Power DC Transformer With DC Fault Isolation Capability

By I. A. Gowaid, Grain Philip Adam, A. Massoud, Shehab Ahmed, Derrick Holliday, Barry W. Williams. IEEE transactions on power electronics, 2015

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DC Fault Detection and Location in Meshed Multiterminal HVDC Systems Based on DC Reactor Voltage Change Rate (2017, background): “The dc transformer present in [9] can rapidly isolate the fault once the fault is detected but though with significant additional capital cost and power loss.”
HVDC Transmission: Technology Review, Market Trends and Future Outlook (2019, background): “Key Words: HVDC Transmission, HVDC Challenges, LCC-HVDC, VSC-HVDC, DC Cables, DC Circuit Breakers, HVDC Outlook, Multi-Terminal DC Grids, Renewable Energy Word Count: 13,092 (v1), 15,804 (v2), 16,600 (v3) (including the abstract & abbreviations list) List of Acronyms: ACCB AC Circuit Breaker MVDC Me”
Isolated and Nonisolated DC-to-DC Converters for Medium-Voltage DC Networks: A Review (2020, methodology): “Q2L and Q3L modulation [54] are used to reduce the capacitor”
Review of dc-dc converters for multi-terminal HVDC transmission networks (2016, methodology): “4 shows illustrative simulation results from a Q2L operated MMC with the scheme suggested in [95].”
Overview of DC–DC Converters Dedicated to HVdc Grids (2019, background): “reduce the size of the transformer, passive elements and SM capacitors [34], [35].”