Examining the bi-directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP growth

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Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from European Countries (2018, background): “Consequently, RES consumption plays a determining role in supporting economic growth for numerous countries [17].”
Renewable Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Multivariate Panel Data Analysis (2019, background): “[34] analysed 108 countries for the period 1980–2009 and established bi-directional causality within 79 per cent of the countries, neutrality hypothesis within 19 per cent of the countries and unidirectional causality from growth to renewable energy within 2 per cent of the countries.”
Energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from the OECD countries (2018, unknown): “Considering the FMOLS estimations, Al-Mulali et al. (2013) examine the renewable energy-growth nexus in 108 countries for the period from 1980 to 2009 and they find that there is the bidirectional causality between the renewable energy and the economic growth in 85 of 108 countries.”