Perfluorinated compounds--exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries.

By H. Fromme, S. Tittlemier, W. Völkel, M. Wilhelm, D. Twardella. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2009

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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: a critical review of recent literature. (2012, background): “Some of these studies estimated the contributions of precursors (Fromme et al., 2009; Vestergren and Cousins, 2009) while others did not (Washburn et al.”
PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding (2020, background): “Reported PFAS concentrations in outdoor air range from nondetectable or subpicogram per cubic meter levels to hundreds of picogram per cubic meter levels (Martin et al. 2002; Stock et al. 2004; Barber et al. 2007; Jahnke et al. 2007; Fromme et al. 2009; Rauert et al. 2018; Wong et al. 2018).”
Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe (2010, background): “…assessments published for PFOA and PFOS in Germany and for estrogenic hormones in the USA concluded that the contribution of drinking water for the general population was only in the order of 0.7–2% of the total daily intake of the general population (Fromme et al. 2009; Caldwell et al. 2010).”
Epidemiologic Evidence on the Health Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) (2010, neutral): “PFOA has also been detected in the serum of populations in a number of industrialized countries (Fromme et al. 2009; Kannan et al. 2004; Lau et al. 2007).”