A link between terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes and intracloud lightning discharges

By M. Stanley, X. Shao, David M. Smith, L. Lopez, M. Pongratz, J. Harlin, M. Stock, A. Regan. 2005

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Energy and fluxes of thermal runaway electrons produced by exponential growth of streamers during the stepping of lightning leaders and in transient luminous events (2011, background): “[39] We emphasize that TGFs have been correlated with +IC lightning discharges [Stanley et al., 2006], and more”
High-Energy Atmospheric Physics: Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes and Related Phenomena (2012, background): “An analysis of higher frequency radio measurements (Stanley et al. 2006), extending to several hundred kHz, revealed more important details regarding TGF-associated lightning processes.”
Terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes in the Fermi era: Improved observations and analysis methods (2013, background): “TGFs are very likely associated with IC lightning [Williams et al., 2006; Stanley et al., 2006; Shao et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2010; Cummer et al., 2011], so the ratio between TGFs and IC lightning would be more useful rather than the all-lightning ratio.”
Lightning mapping observation of a terrestrial gamma‐ray flash (2010, background): “…analyses [Dwyer and Smith, 2005] suggest that TGFs are produced below 21 km, most likely in association with intracloud (IC) lightning discharges [Stanley et al., 2006; Williams et al., 2006], such as those during the initial development of normal polarity IC flashes that raise negative…”