Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome.

By Jan Lötvall, Cezmi Akdis, L. Bacharier, L. Bjermer, T. Casale, Adnan Custovic, R. Lemanske, A. Wardlaw, Sally E. Wenzel, P. Greenberger. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2011

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A Framework for Individualizing Predictions of Disease Trajectories by Exploiting Multi-Resolution Structure (2015, background): “[3, 4, 5, 6])—it would be straightforward to fit separate models to each subpopulation.”
Health 2050: The Realization of Personalized Medicine through Crowdsourcing, the Quantified Self, and the Participatory Biocitizen (2012, background): “Some of the endotypes suggested relate to distinctions between eosinophilic, neutrophilic, atopic, non-atopic, early onset, late onset, and aspirin-sensitive or exercise-induced asthma [32,33].”
Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults (2019, background): “A consolidated definition of asthma may not be desirable given the emerging consensus in the research community that “asthma” is an umbrella term for several diseases with similar clinical manifestations but different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (5), often referred to as “asthma endotyp”
Clustering Longitudinal Clinical Marker Trajectories from Electronic Health Data: Applications to Phenotyping and Endotype Discovery (2015, background): “In order to correctly cluster individuals and uncover disease subtypes that are likely candidates for endotyping (Lötvall et al. 2011), it is important to model and explain away nuisance variability.”