Classification of macroalgae as fuel and its thermochemical behaviour.

By Andrew Ross, Jenny M. Jones, M. Kubacki, T. Bridgeman. Bioresource Technology, 2008

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High-value products from macroalgae: the potential uses of the invasive brown seaweed, Sargassum muticum (2016, background): “The higher ash content of S. muticum results in its biomass having a Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 16 MJ kg-1 (Milledge et al. 2015) that is somewhat less than that of the terrestrial energy crops of 17–20 MJ kg–1 (Ross et al. 2008).”
An overview of the organic and inorganic phase composition of biomass (2012, background): “As mentioned above, the macroalgae normally does not contain Lig [132].”
Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: developments from batch to continuous process. (2015, background): “Algal biomass has been identiﬁed as a promising alternative as a resource for renewable fuels due to its higher photosynthetic efﬁ-ciency and area speciﬁc yields (Pienkos and Darzins, 2009; Ross et al., 2008).”
Macroalgae-Derived Biofuel: A Review of Methods of Energy Extraction from Seaweed Biomass (2014, background): “Dry macroalgae are easy to ignite, but have a low thermal value typical of carbohydrate-rich biomass (14–16 MJ·kg−1) [41].”
Algae as promising feedstocks for fermentative biohydrogen production according to a biorefinery approach: A comprehensive review (2015, background): “for green, red, and brown algae, respectively [45–48].”