MicroRNA miR-21 overexpression in human breast cancer is associated with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and patient poor prognosis.

By Lixu Yan, Xiu-Fang Huang, Qiong Shao, Ma-yan Huang, Ling Deng, Qiu-liang Wu, Yiyong Zeng, J. Shao. RNA: A publication of the RNA Society, 2008

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A Pleiotropically Acting microRNA, miR-31, Inhibits Breast Cancer Metastasis (2009, neutral): “Genome-wide studies have described miR-31 downregulation or deletion of the miR-31 genomic locus in human breast cancers (Calin et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2006; Yan et al., 2008).”
MicroRNAs in development and disease. (2011, background): “In concordance, miR-21 is one of the few miRNAs that correlates with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor survival in breast cancer patients (685).”
STAT3 activation of miR-21 and miR-181b-1, via PTEN and CYLD, are part of the epigenetic switch linking inflammation to cancer (2010, background): “In accordance with previous work, RNA levels of STAT3 (Iliopoulos et al., 2009; Bromberg et al., 1999; Grivennikov et al., 2009), miR-21, and miR-181b-1 (Schetter et al., 2008; Yan et al., 2008; Cervigne et al., 2009) are often increased in cancer tissues relative to normal tissues.”
Non-coding RNAs in disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics (2023, neutral): “…is miR-21-5p, which has been validated as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker in most frequent cancers, such as lung cancer 217 , breast cancer 218 , colorectal cancer 219,220 and CLL 221 . miR-21 is also released in circulation and detectable in extra-cellular vesicles, as described in the…”