Hares and Tortoises: Interactions of Fast and Slow Variablesin Ecosystems

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Resilience Management in Social-ecological Systems: a Working Hypothesis for a Participatory Approach (2002, background): “The crucial driving variables tend to have slower dynamics than the ecosystem goods and services they control, and the two types will be referred to as "slow" and "fast" variables (Carpenter and Turner 2000).”
Biological soil crusts greatly contribute to small-scale soil heterogeneity along a grazing gradient (2013, background): “We sampled only once, as our studied soil properties are mostly slowly changing variables considering ecosystem dynamics, in that they have long turnover times (Carpenter and Turner, 2000; Reynolds et al., 2007 ).”
The Global Supply and Demand for Agricultural Land in 2050: A Perfect Storm in the Making? AAEA Presidential Address (2010, background): “This is not dissimilar to a problem faced by global ecologists who are just now seeking to reconcile what they know about high frequency (fast-moving) ecosystem interactions with low frequency (slow-moving) relationships (Carpenter and Turner 2000).”