Toward a Unified Theory of Causality

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Approaches and terminology for causal analysis in land systems science (2016, background): “and complex systems, causes are neither necessary nor sufficient but are best described as ‘contributory’ or ‘combinatory’ causes, within what are called INUS causes (Mackie, 1965; Mahoney, 2008).”
The Comparative Advantages of fsQCA and Regression Analysis for Moderately Large-N Analyses (2012, background): “…argues that partial causal effects in well-specified quantitative models suggest that these factors are important INUS conditions—namely, conditions that are ‘‘probabilistically sufficient’’ or ‘‘probabilistically necessary’’ (Mahoney 2008:426) on their own, namely, not in explicit combinations.”
Synchronous failure: the emerging causal architecture of global crisis (2015, background): “[4] Technically, this would be a representation of INUS causation, in which each cause is an insufficient but necessary member of a set of causes that is itself unnecessary but sufficient for the equifinal outcome of system overload (Mahoney 2008, Mahoney et al. 2009).”