Energy requirements for the disintegration of cellulose fibers into cellulose nanofibers

By A. Tejado, M. Alam, M. Antal, Han Yang, T. V. D. van de Ven. Cellulose, 2012

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Preparation and characterization of sterically stabilized nanocrystalline cellulose obtained by periodate oxidation of cellulose fibers (2015, background): “Mechanical treatment on cellulose yields nano- or micro-sized cellulose structures (Herrick et al. 1983; Nakagaito and Yano 2005), but very large amounts of energy are consumed during this treatment (Tejado et al. 2012).”
Processing of wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, and applications relating to papermaking: a review (2016, methodology): “The homogenising machine was solely used to process milk in the dairy industry (Thiebaud et al. 2003).”
Key role of the hemicellulose content and the cell morphology on the nanofibrillation effectiveness of cellulose pulps (2013, methodology): “This approach was reported to be more accurate than the Segal method (Thygesen et al. 2005) based on the ratio of the intensity of the crystalline peak to the intensity at the minimum between 18 and 19 .”
Morphological development of cellulose fibrils of a bleached eucalyptus pulp by mechanical fibrillation (2012, background): “…but they can also be affected by the degree of fibrillation, feedstock species, etc. Softwood pulps have been extensively used for CNF production (Henriksson et al. 2008; Iwamoto et al. 2007; Nakagaito and Yano 2004; Tejado et al. 2012; Uetani and Yano 2011; Zimmermann et al. 2004).”