Measures of abstinence in clinical trials: issues and recommendations.

By J. Hughes, Josue P. Keely, R. Niaura, D. Ossip-Klein, R. Richmond, G. Swan. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2003

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Pilot Study of the 5-HT2AR Agonist Psilocybin in the Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (2014, background): “Smoking lapses were defined as any discrete instances of smoking (even a puff of a cigarette) post-TQD, while relapses were defined as smoking on seven or more consecutive days after TQD (Hughes et al., 2003).”
Effect of maintenance therapy with varenicline on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. (2006, neutral): “7) [2-59] 28.”
Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. (2013, background): “preferring prolonged, sustained or continuous abstinence over point prevalence (Hughes 2003), and favouring biochemically confirmed findings (exhaled carbon monoxide, cotinine in plasma, urine or saliva, or plasma thiocyanate) over self report (SRNT 2002).”
A meta-analysis of smoking cessation interventions with individuals in substance abuse treatment or recovery. (2004, positive): “In studies with participants in addictions treatment, many individuals were not planning to quit smoking (i.e., precontemplation stage) and intention to quit was not required for participation, making continuous abstinence less appropriate (Hughes, Keely, et al., 2003).”