Anadromous alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) contribute marine-derived nutrients to coastal stream food webs

By Annika W. Walters, R. Barnes, D. Post. 2009

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The problem of isotopic baseline: Reconstructing the diet and trophic position of fossil animals (2011, background): “In lakes and streams, imported organic matter commonly has a terrestrial isotopic signature, but imported marine organicmatter can be common in lakeswith connections to the ocean or populations of anadramous fish (Owens, 1987; Bilby et al., 1996; Ben-David et al., 2004; Walters et al., 2009).”
Centuries of Anadromous Forage Fish Loss: Consequences for Ecosystem Connectivity and Productivity (2012, background): “In systems that have large anadromous fish populations, the marine–terrestrial connection is important for ecological functioning (Schindler et al. 2003, Walters et al. 2009), which suggests that lost connections between land and sea result in impaired ecosystems.”
The hippopotamus conveyor belt: vectors of carbon and nutrients from terrestrial grasslands to aquatic systems in sub-Saharan Africa (2015, background): “…year 1 to lacustrine spawning sites through excretion, carcasses and gametes; however, historical nutrient loading levels prior to population declines were 17 and 14 times higher, for N and P, respectively, than modernday levels (Walters et al. 2009; West et al., 2010; Twining, West & Post, 2013).”