The antiquity of Madagascar’s grasslands and the rise of C4 grassy biomes

By W. Bond, John A. Silander Jr, J. Ranaivonasy, J. Ratsirarson. 2008

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The introduced flora of Madagascar (2012, background): “Many older introductions used in people’s homegardens are given the epithet ‘gasy’ (for Malagasy), such as ‘paiso gasy’ for peach or ‘tongolo gasy’ for garlic (Boiteau et al. 1999).”
Grass diversification in Madagascar: In situ radiation of two large C3 shade clades and support for a Miocene to Pliocene origin of C4 grassy biomes (2018, background): “Under this scenario, grasslands in Madagascar would be a regional outcome of the global Miocene grassland expansion (Bond et al., 2008).”
Asymmetrical responses of forest and “beyond edge” arthropod communities across a forest–grassland ecotone (2014, unknown): “considered detrimental to persistence of native species (Bond et al. 2008).”
Patterns of species change in anthropogenically disturbed forests of Madagascar (2010, background): “Some (Bond et al., 2008; Burney, 1993; MacPhee et al., 1985) argue that this formation is largely natural (see also Virah-Sawmy et al., 2009) whereas others (Humbert, 1927; Koechlin et al., 1974; Lowry et al., 1997; Perrier de la Bâthie, 1936) consider that grasslands, with few exceptions (mountain…”