Novel applications of lignin in composite materials

By W. Thielemans, E. Can, S. Morye, R. Wool. 2002

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Simplified determination of lignin content in hard and soft woods via UV-spectrophotometric analysis of biomass dissolved in ionic liquids (2010, background): “…carbon fiber, activated carbon filters, adhesives, monomeric units for polyurethane, polyesters, bioplastics, and bio-oils, non-viscous organic liquids suitable for blending with conventional fossil fuels (Bonini et al. 2005; Kleinert and Barth 2008; Thielemans et al. 2002; Xu et al. 2006).”
The production of submicron diameter carbon fibers by the electrospinning of lignin (2010, background): “The low cost and high availability of lignin have brought interest on its use as precursor of carbonaceous materials like activated carbons [5–8], carbon catalysts [9] or composite materials [10,11].”
An integrated process to produce vanillin and lignin-based polyurethanes from Kraft lignin (2009, unknown): “The remaining amount is isolated from the spent pulping liquors and sold for specialty applications, which is normally around 1 million tonnes per year worldwide (Lora and Glasser, 2002; Thielemans et al., 2002).”