Altered PTEN expression as a diagnostic marker for the earliest endometrial precancers.

By G. Mutter, M. Lin, Jeff T. Fitzgerald, J. Kum, J. Baak, J. Lees, L. Weng, C. Eng. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2000

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PTEN activation contributes to tumor inhibition by trastuzumab, and loss of PTEN predicts trastuzumab resistance in patients. (2004, background): “Comparedwith untreatedcells, 20min trastuzumab treatment dramatically increased PTEN activity, which in nearly 50% of breast cancers and in many other cancer types (Li et al., 1997; Mutter et al., 2000; Parsons and Simpson, 2003; continued to increase 60 min after treatment (Figure 1D).”
Tenets of PTEN tumor suppression. (2008, background): “…monoallelic mutations of PTEN possess at least one functional wildtype PTEN allele, yet they further or completely lose PTEN protein immunoreactivity in the absence of detectable mutations of the remaining PTEN allele (Leupin et al., 2003; Mutter et al., 2000; Shi et al., 2003; Zhou et al., 2002).”
PTEN: One Gene, Many Syndromes (2003, background): “…mutations and homozygous PTEN deletions [Li et al., 1997; Teng et al., 1997], this does not hold true for non-cultured neoplasias, with the possible exception of sporadic endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, where two genetic ‘‘hits’’ occur in 25% of such tumors [Mutter et al., 2000a] (Table 4).”