Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal

By Rachael E. Jack, Oliver G. B. Garrod, Hui Yu, Roberto Caldara, Philippe G. Schyns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012

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Cross-Cultural Comparison of Nonverbal Cues in Emoticons on Twitter: Evidence from Big Data Analysis (2014, methodology): “Cross-cultural studies of facial expression (Jack et al., 2012) and emoticon use (Yuki et al., 2007) were incorporated into Gudykunst’s CVC framework to construct two research hypotheses.”
Deep Facial Expression Recognition: A Survey (2018, background): “ence and psychology argued that the model of six basic emotions is culture-specific and not universal [6].”
Social attributions from faces: determinants, consequences, accuracy, and functional significance. (2015, neutral): “…for mapping facial information onto social perception and have been used successfully in closely related areas, such as the perception of emotion ( Jack et al. 2012a,b), ethnicity (Dotsch et al. 2008, 2011), stereotypes (Dotsch et al. 2013, Dunham et al. 2014, Imhoff et al. 2013), groups (Imhoff…”
Emoticon Style: Interpreting Differences in Emoticons Across Cultures (2013, methodology): “%) were used in mentions of others appearing with the @username mark, while only few of them (4”