Leisure boredom, sensation seeking, self-esteem, and addiction: Symptoms and patterns of cell phone use

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I need my smartphone: A hierarchical model of personality and cell-phone addiction (2015, methodology): “Research by Phillips et al. (2006) found that agreeability is associated with the use of cell phones to play games. In a sample of 112 adults, those low on agreeableness were found to be more likely to play games on their mobile phones compared with those high on agreeableness. Costa and McCrae (199”
The invisible addiction: Cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students (2014, background): “Several studies have found that females exhibit a higher level of attachment to and dependence on their cell-phones compared with men (Geser 2006; Hakoama & Hakoyama, 2011; Jackson et al., 2008; Jenaro, Flores, Gomez-Vela, Gonzalez-Gil & Caballo, 2007; Leung, 2008; Wei & Lo, 2006).”
Fear of Missing Out and Procrastination as Mediators Between Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Smartphone Addiction (2019, background): “In support of this notion, Leung (2008) found that sensation seeking and leisure can positively predict cell phone addiction among adolescents and young adults.”
Cell-Phone Addiction: A Review (2016, methodology): “– Excessive use, urgency, abstinence, tolerance, dependence, difficulty controlling, craving, increasing use to achieve satisfaction or relaxation or to counteract a dysphoric mood (34, 57, 58), the need to be connected, feelings of irritability or of being lost if separated from the phone or of sen”