Urbanisation Without Development: Environmental and Health Implications in African Cities

By K. Boadi, M. Kuitunen, Kolawole Raheem, K. Hanninen. 2005

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Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries. (2013, background): “Additionally, civil unrest and political instability has contributed to the growing SWM problem in low-income urban areas by forcing millions of displaced people to seek refuge in major cities (Boadi et al., 2005; Konteh, 2009).”
Energy justice for all? Rethinking Sustainable Development Goal 7 through struggles over traditional energy practices in Sierra Leone (2017, background): “A key factor in this change was a rapid rise in urbanisation as rural residents, sought safety in the capital Freetown increasing its population as much as threefold (Abdullah, 2002; Boadi et al., 2005), dramatically altering the city's structure (Munro, 2009) and transforming many aspects of urban ”