Biomarkers, Bioindicators, and Ecological Risk Assessment—A Brief Review and Evaluation

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How do ecologists select and use indicator species to monitor ecological change? Insights from 14 years of publication in Ecological Indicators (2016, unknown): “61 Indicator Species (IS) are living organisms that are easily monitored and whose status 62 reflects or predicts the condition(s) of the environment where they are found (Landress, 1988; 63 Cairns and Pratt, 1993; Bartell, 2006; Burger, 2006).”
Stress Indicators in Fish (2016, background): “Just as usingmultiple indicators is a robust way to define stress within an individual, an approach that incorporates many levels of biological organization to generate an ecosystem health assessment can be most informative (Attrill and Depledge, 1997; Adams and Greeley, 2000; Bartell, 2006; Yeom an”