Application of nano-silica (nS) in concrete mixtures

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Beneficial role of nanosilica in cement based materials – A review (2013, background): “Addition of nanosilica in oil well cement increases the strength and reduces the setting time [8,97].”
Review on concrete nanotechnology (2016, background): “It can (i) fill the remaining voids in the young and partially hydrated cement paste, (ii) increase its final density, (iii) reduce its porosity and permeability and (iv) decrease the weight of cement used in the mix (Quercia & Brouwers, 2010).”
SCC modification by use of amorphous nano-silica (2014, background): “There are different commercial types of nano-silica additives available on the market, which are produced in different ways such as precipitation, pyrolysis, sol–gel and others [19].”
Water demand of amorphous nano silica and its impact on the workability of cement paste (2012, unknown): “Nowadays, there are different methods used to produce nS like sol–gel process, vaporization of silica, biological method and precipitation [51].”
State-of-the-art report on use of nano-materials in concrete (2014, methodology): “The literature survey reveals that most of the studies conducted to date have focused on the use of nano-silica (nano-SiO2) (Shih et al. 2006, Quercia and Brouwers 2010, Said et al. 2012), nanotitanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) (Diamanti et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2012, Jalal et al. 2012), carbon…”