Self-definitions of Gang Membership and Involvement in Delinquent Activities

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Delinquent Gangs and Adolescent Victimization Revisited (2009, background): “... commit higher levels of delinquency, engage in greater and more lethal forms of violent delinquency, are more likely to carry and use weapons, have less attachment to conventional social institutions, have greater prevalence of substance use and drug selling, are more likely to be noncompliant w”
Gang Membership as a Risk Factor for Adolescent Violent Victimization (2007, background): “The debate over how to define gangs and how to determine who is and is not a gang member has a long history and has continued recently (Bjerregaard 2002; Decker and KempfLeonard 1991; Esbensen et al. 2001; Katz, Webb, and Decker 2005; Klein 1995; Maxson and Klein 1990; Winfree et al. 1992).”