Helium induced nanoscopic morphology on tungsten under fusion relevant plasma conditions

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Tungsten ‘fuzz’ growth re-examined: the dependence on ion fluence in non-erosive and erosive helium plasma (2015, methodology): “This results in the original surface becoming deformed into a layer of nanoscopic branch-like structure with tendrils of the order of 50 nm wide, and an overall deformed layer thickness that can reach many μm [1].”
Primary radiation damage: A review of current understanding and models (2018, unknown): “square root dependence on fluence [239,240].”
Tungsten nano-tendril growth in the Alcator C-Mod divertor (2012, methodology): “[1] and the Eckstein formula for gross sputtering of W we can calculate the progression of the predicted W fuzz layer depth and amount of gross sputtering of bulk W as a function of time through the C-Mod discharge sequence (see Fig.”