Attosecond Ionization and Tunneling Delay Time Measurements in Helium

By P. Eckle, A. Pfeiffer, C. Cirelli, A. Staudte, R. Dörner, H. Muller, Markus Buttiker, U. Keller. Science, 2008

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Attoclock reveals natural coordinates of the laser-induced tunnelling current flow in atoms (2011, methodology): “The attoclock was used to set an upper limit to the tunnelling delay time during the tunnel ionization process in heliu”
Ultrafast resolution of tunneling delay time (2014, methodology): “The extraction of tunneling delay time follows the method first presented in [13].”
Introduction to attosecond delays in photoionization (2012, methodology): “The delay in tunnelling ionization has been studied by the group of Keller using angular streaking, often referred to as the “attoclock” [119, 120, 121].”
Timing the release in sequential double ionization (2011, methodology): “The attoclock technique is based on the definition of ‘time’ by ‘counting cycles&rsquo”
Interpreting attoclock measurements of tunnelling times (2014, methodology): “The ARM method yields the following expression for the photoelectron spectrum[4, 5]:”