Heat pipe efficiency enhancement with refrigerant–nanoparticles mixtures

By P. Naphon, Dithapong Thongkum, Pichai Assadamongkol. 2009

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Heat transfer characteristics of a two-phase closed thermosyphons using nanofluids (2011, background): “Different nanoparticles such as silver [9–11], oxide copper [12–14], diamond [15,16], titanium [17,18], nickel oxide [19], gold [20], alumina [21,22], iron oxide [23,24] and laponite clay [21] have been utilized within TPCT and heat pipe working fluid.”
A new frontier of nanofluid research – Application of nanofluids in heat pipes (2012, background): “31wt% [42]”
A review of small heat pipes for electronics (2016, background): “[140, 141] and silver-water nanofluids were reported on by Asirvatham et al.”
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT USING AL2O3/WATER NANOFLUID IN A TWO-PHASE CLOSED THERMOSYPHON (2009, methodology): “Naphon et al. (2008) also have used nanofluid as working fluid in a heat pipe and stated that at optimum condition for pure refrigerant, the heat pipe with 0.1% concentration of nanoparticles operates with efficiency 1.40 times higher than that with pure refrigerant.”
Experimental study on thermophysical properties of nanofluids as phase-change material (PCM) in low temperature cool storage (2012, methodology): “In order to solve some special occasions heat dissipation problems, nanofluids were used in a different heat pipe for enhancing its thermal performance [18–21].”