Nuclear Physics

By M. J. Savage. Nature, 2001

1,368 citations recorded by the source corpus.

THE British Association discussion at Norwich on nuclear physics on September 5 was opened by Lord Rutherford. After a review of progress resulting from the application of high voltages to nuclear transmutation, he passed on to discuss the rapid development of our knowledge of artificial radioactivity and in particular the production of such radioactivity by neutron bombardment. Neutrons, being uncharged, penetrate the heaviest nuclei without difficulty, and radioactive isotopes of the great majority of the elements have already been discovered. The effectiveness of neutrons in producing some types of transmutation is increased largely by slowing them down by passage through paraffin, water or other substances containing hydrogen, the neutrons losing energy by collision with the protons. By slowing them down in this way to thermal velocities, their adsorption by boron is increased 350 times, by cadmium 3,000 times, and by gadolinium 30,000 times, the effective cross-section for capture then being of the order of 10-20 sq. cm. A demonstration that neutrons actually obtain thermal velocities is afforded by slowing them down in paraffin wax cooled to liquid air or liquid hydrogen temperatures. This extra cooling reduces the velocity still further, and an increase in the efficiency of disintegration has been observed by P. B. Moon and others.

Subfields: Aerospace Engineering, Radiation

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Citations in the corpus

A Chandra Study of Sagittarius A East: A Supernova Remnant Regulating the Activity of Our Galactic Center? (2001, background): “In SN explosions predicted by standard nucleosythesis theories, the lighter elements like S, Ar, and Ca are expected to be ejected faster than Fe (e.g., Nomoto et al. 1997).”
Constituent quark model study of the meson spectra (2004, neutral): “IV we summarize our most important findings.”
Neutrino-driven wind simulations and nucleosynthesis of heavy elements (2012, background): “The main fission channels include neutron induced fission, spontaneous fission, and beta-delayed fission [99, 100, 101, 97].”
Nucleosynthesis in the Outflow from Gamma-Ray Burst Accretion Disks (2005, methodology): “We examine the prospects for producing an r process in high accretion rate disks by way of material which is driven neutron rich by neutrino interactions as discussed in McLaughlin & Surman (2005).”
First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters (2003, background): “Wetterich (1988), Ratra & Peebles (1988) and Peebles & Ratra (1988) suggest that a rolling scalar field could produce a time-variable dark energy term, which leave a characteristic imprint on the CMB and on large scale structure (Caldwell et al. 1998).”
2D Cooling of Magnetized Neutron Stars (2007, methodology): “In the diffusion limit, the heat flux is simply”
Low-frequency conductivity in many-body localized systems (2015, background): “The existence of the MBL phase can be proved with minimal assumptions [20]; many of its properties are phenomenologically understood [10, 11, 16], and can be explored using the strong-randomness renormalization group [9, 21– 23].”
Very low-metallicity massive stars: - Pre-SN evolution models and primary nitrogen production (2006, positive): “The reaction rates are taken from the NACRE (Angulo et al. 1999) compilation for the experimental rates and from the NACRE website (http://pntpm.ulb.ac.be/nacre.htm) for the theoretical ones.”
Constraints on Einstein-Æther theory and Hořava gravity from binary pulsar observations (2013, methodology): “[102] H. Shen, H. Toki, K. Oyamatsu, and K. Sumiyoshi, Progress of Theoretical Physics, 100, 1013 (1998), arXiv:nucl-th/9806095.”
Two-dimensional hydrodynamic core-collapse supernova simulations with spectral neutrino transport II. Models for different progenitor stars (2005, background): “A larger PNS radius correlates with lower luminosities (Janka et al. 2005).”
Protoneutron star evolution and the neutrino-driven wind in general relativistic neutrino radiation hydrodynamics simulations (2009, background): “…the large energy in the neutrino radiation field, neutrino heating between the neutrinospheres and the SAS has long been investigated as a possible source to revive the SAS and trigger neutrino driven explosions (Bethe and Wilson (1985), Janka (2001), Janka et al. (2005), Mezzacappa et al. (2006)).”