Multilevel Statistical Models

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The Relative Equitability of High-Stakes Testing versus Teacher-Assigned Grades: An Analysis of the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) (2001, methodology): “Another approach is the use of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) (Bryk & Raudenbush, 1992 ), also known as multilevel modeling (Goldstein, 1987, 1995).”
Neighborhood disadvantage, disorder, and health. (2001, neutral): “2 We use the multilevel statistical modeling pro gram MLn to address the possibility (Rasbash et al. 1995), by distinguishing a tract-level residual from the individual-level one (Goldstein 1995; Bryk and Raudenbush 1992).”
Double hierarchical generalized linear models (2006, methodology): “Keywords: Generalized linear models; Heavy-tailed distribution; Hierarchical generalized linear models; Hierarchical likelihood; h-likelihood; Joint generalized linear models; Random-effect models; Restricted maximum likelihood estimator; Stochastic volatility models 1.”
How vague is vague? A simulation study of the impact of the use of vague prior distributions in MCMC using WinBUGS (2005, background): “The use of hierarchical models is not unique to medicine and they are often applied in other areas such as education [14].”