Far-infrared surface-plasmon quantum-cascade lasers at 21.5 μm and 24 μm wavelengths

By R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, Claire F. Gmachl, A. L. Hutchinson, D. Sivco, A. Tredicucci, M. Wanke, A. Sergent, A. Cho. 2001

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Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission (2002, methodology): “The active regions and injectors, which are identical to the ones used in [36], were embedded between two 400-Å-thick InGaAs layers -doped to 1 10 cm and between two Fig.”
A Review of Signal Enhancement and Noise Reduction Techniques for Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (2014, background): “5 to 24 μm (62, 63), peak power levels in the watt range (64, 65), thermoelectrically cooled, pulsed CW operating at room temperature for wavelengths up to 16 μm (66, 67), but the longer wavelength devices still require cryogenic cooling.”
Magnetic-field-assisted terahertz quantum cascade laser operating up to 225 K (2009, unknown): “4 ), rapid progress has been made in QCL design and materials growth, with the result that QCLs have become the dominant MIR semiconductor laser sourc”
Bound-to-continuum and two-phonon resonance, quantum-cascade lasers for high duty cycle, high-temperature operation (2002, background): “The extremely short electron lifetime from the lower state enables superlattice active region designs to operate at very long wavelengths reaching 17, 19, 21, and finally up to 24 m [18]‐[ 21 ].”