Sex differences in parasitic infections among arthropod hosts: is there a male bias?

By Letitia A. D. Sheridan, Robert Poulin, D. Ward, M. Zuk. 2000

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Variation in immune defence as a question of evolutionary ecology (2003, background): “…overshadowed the fact that the difference between the sexes is actually taxonomically widespread and is, in particular, also found in insects and other invertebrates that lack testosterone (Zuk & McKean 1996; Gray 1998; Wedekind & Jakobsen 1998; Kurtz et al. 2000; Sheridan et al. 2000; Rolff 2001).”
An analysis of trade‐offs in immune function, body size and development time in the Mediterranean Field Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (2005, background): “In contrast to the observation in vertebrates, Sheridan et al. (2000) did not find any sex differences in parasite infections in arthropods.”
Natural host‐plant quality affects immune defence of an insect herbivore (2007, background): “…to another hypothesis, males encounter more intensive sexual selection compared to females and therefore allocate more energy to intrasexual competition against other males (e.g., costly secondary sexual characters), at the expense of immune defence (Promislow, 1992; Sheridan et al., 2000).”