The costs of mounting an immune response are reflected in the reproductive fitness of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

By Ashraf M. Ahmed, S. B. Baggott, R. Maingon, H. Hurd. 2002

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Experimentally induced spermatophore production and immune responses reveal a trade-off in crickets (2010, background): “When LPS is injected into the hemocoel of an insect, it stimulates several pathways of the humoral immune response without causing an infection, thereby enabling the assessment of immune system activation costs independent of infection costs (Imler et al. 2000; Ahmed et al. 2002).”
The Theoretical Biologist's Toolbox: Quantitative Methods for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (2006, background): “Understanding immune responses from an optimality perspective is going to be a growth area, since it bridges ecology, immunology, and epidemiology (Antia and Lipschitz 1997, Hellriegel 2001, Ahmed et al. 2002, Gardner and Thomas 2002, Rolff and Siva-Jothy 2002, 2003, Wegner et al. 2003). Shudo and I”