Collective Role of Thermocline and Zonal Advective Feedbacks in the ENSO Mode

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Biological response to the 1997–98 and 2009–10 El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (2012, background): “The physical processes that controlled the chl-a response in the EEP and CEP parallel the processes that control SST on ENSO time scales, specifically the more dominant role of vertical/subsurface processes (horizontal advection) in the EEP (CEP) [e.g., Wang and McPhaden, 2000; An and Jin, 2001].”
Warm Pool and Cold Tongue El Nino Events as Simulated by the GFDL 2.1 Coupled GCM (2010, background): “The deepening thermocline induces a strong anomalous warm vertical advection by mean upwelling over the eastern Pacific (Battisti 1988; Kang et al. 2001; An and Jin 2001).”
Strong and moderate nonlinear El Niño regimes (2016, background): “(2003) and An and Jin (2004), our calculation of NDH explictly removes the seasonality of the nonlinear advection (last three terms in Eq.”
Interannual Variations of the Tropical Ocean Instability Wave and ENSO (2008, methodology): “The basic model system is the same as in An and Jin (2001), and derivations for this system are found in Jin (1997): d dt hW rhW TE and A1 d dt TE c TE hW eTE 3 , A2 where hW indicates thermocline depth changes averaged over the western equatorial Pacific and TE indicates the SST anomaly averaged…”