Millimeter-Wave Communications: Physical Channel Models, Design Considerations, Antenna Constructions, and Link-Budget

By Ibrahim A. Hemadeh, Katla Satyanarayana, Mohammed El-Hajjar, Lajos Hanzo. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 2018

628 citations recorded by the source corpus.

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band spanning from 30 to 300 GHz constitutes a substantial portion of the unused frequency spectrum, which is an important resource for future wireless communication systems in order to fulfill the escalating capacity demand. Given the improvements in integrated components and enhanced power efficiency at high frequencies, wireless systems can operate in the mmWave frequency band. In this paper, we present a survey of the mmWave propagation characteristics, channel modeling, and design guidelines, such as system and antenna design considerations for mmWave, including the link budget of the network, which are essential for mmWave communication systems. We commence by introducing the main channel propagation characteristics of mmWaves followed by channel modeling and design guidelines. Then, we report on the main measurement and modeling campaigns conducted in order to understand the mmWave band’s properties and present the associated channel models. We survey the different channel models focusing on the channel models available for the 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz frequency bands. Finally, we present the mmWave channel model and its challenges in the context of mmWave communication systems design.

Subfields: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9e319acd49f1e766c2a655c7983cafc9ee8b2a33

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Citations in the corpus

Fluid Antenna Multiple Access (2020, background): “Consequently, the channel will have less multipath and be more directional [42].”
A Comprehensive Survey on Millimeter Wave Communications for Fifth-Generation Wireless Networks: Feasibility and Challenges (2020, methodology): “Hence, from (4), we can conclude that, directional antennas have a higher system gain with decreasing wavelength (i.e., at higher 1 An isotropic radiator is a hypothetical lossless antenna that radiates its energy uniformly in all directions [101]. frequencies) [4].”
A Survey on Millimeter-Wave Beamforming Enabled UAV Communications and Networking (2021, background): “Different from aperture antennas, such as horn antennas, reflector antennas, and lens antennas, which have fixed radiation patterns due to their shapes, the overall radiation pattern of an antenna array is controlled by the type, number, spacing, and geometries of the elements [53], which affords co”
A Tutorial on Ultrareliable and Low-Latency Communications in 6G: Integrating Domain Knowledge Into Deep Learning (2021, methodology): “Meanwhile, we need to exploit the above 6-GHz spectrum, including mmWave [289] and the Terahertz band [290].”
Cell-Free Massive MIMO: A New Next-Generation Paradigm (2019, background): “For example, the channel impulse response (CIR) of mmWave CFmassiveMIMO systems is typically sparse both in the time- and angular-domain [49].”
Twelve Scientific Challenges for 6G: Rethinking the Foundations of Communications Theory (2022, background): “11ax where bandwidths exceed 100MHz, the IQ imbalance starts to depend on frequency, in which case nonlinearity would enforce itself as a natural phenomenon [34].”