A Huge Effect of Weak dc Electrical Fields on Grain Growth in Zirconia

By Santonu Ghosh, A. Chokshi, Pilhwa Lee, Rishi Raj. 2009

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Decarbonising ceramic manufacturing: A techno-economic analysis of energy efficient sintering technologies in the functional materials sector (2019, background): “This is particularly important given that grain growth and the rate of densification differs at different electric fields [97,98] – a situation that can lead to densification and grain size inhomogeneity in the samples under consideration as highlighted by Todd et al.”
Thermal runaway, flash sintering and asymmetrical microstructural development of ZnO and ZnO–Bi2O3 under direct currents (2015, unknown): “An alternative explanation was that Joule heating at grain boundaries raised the local temperature and reduces grain boundary energy by an entropic effect; this not only reduced the driving force, but also created a pinning effect [33].”
Flash sintering of ceramics (2019, background): “The formation of a local liquid layer or temperature gradient at grain boundary is a very attractive hypothesis, it being associated with densification and grain coarsening at the same time [14,184].”