California native and exotic perennial grasses differ in their response to soil nitrogen, exotic annual grass density, and order of emergence

By Joel K. Abraham, Jeffrey D. Corbin, Carla M. D'Antonio. Plant Ecology, 2009

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Using plant functional traits to guide restoration: A case study in California coastal grassland (2011, background): “Among the mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this competitive dominance are the exotics species’ rapid germination and growth that allow them to co-opt light and soil resources (Jackson and Roy 1986, Dyer and Rice 1999, Abraham et al. 2009).”
Early bird catches the worm: germination as a critical step in plant invasion (2016, background): “1), through size-asymmetric competition (Weiner 1990; Abraham et al. 2009), resource pre-emption (Ross and Harper 1972), and soil legacies (Grman and Suding 2010), mechanisms by which they can exert a founder control over native species that emerge later in the season (Körner et al. 2008).”
Timing is everything: does early and late germination favor invasions by herbaceous alien plants? (2016, unknown): “This is particularly relevant for spring ephemerals (Grime 1998, 2001), many of which accumulate most of their annual biomass increment during periods of direct irradiance (Rothstein and Zak 2001), or in native perennial grasslands where native species germinate later than annual invasive species (A”