Anti-predatory chemical defenses of ascidians: secondary metabolites or inorganic acids?

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Ascidians as models for studying invasion success (2015, background): “2008), predation (Pisut and Pawlik 2002; Rius et al. 2014a), and competition (Castilla et al.”
Ecological observations on the colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. in a New England tide pool habitat (2007, background): “For example, in a study of the antipredatory chemical defenses of colonial ascidians, Pisut and Pawlik(2002) showed thatDidemnum candidumfrom Wrightsville Beach, NC displayed high acidity (pH 1) in both surface and internal tissues and that organic compounds and acid in the tissues deterred predati”
The colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. A: Current distribution, basic biology and potential threat to marine communities of the northeast and west coasts of North America (2007, background): “Chemical defenses have been reported in adults or larvae of many Didemnum species (Vervoort et al. 1998; Pisut and Pawlik 2002; see also Jimenez et al. 2003) as well as other members of the family Didemnidae (Lindquist et al. 1992; Joullie et al. 2003; Michibata et al. 2003).”