Pragmatic Trials.

By Ian Ford, J. Norrie. New England Journal of Medicine, 2016

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Machine learning and artificial intelligence research for patient benefit: 20 critical questions on transparency, replicability, ethics, and effectiveness (2020, background): “79 Early consideration of what the potential pitfalls are of the proposed ML/AL based solution and how it could be manipulated (among other issues) would help researchers develop a better informed framework with which to decide how their tool should be built.”
Precision Medicine. (2019, background): “A pragmatic clinical trial (see, e.g., (Ford and Norrie 2016)) is one in which various design features are carefully incorporated to ensure similarity with treatment conditions to the real world.”
A Review of Generalizability and Transportability (2021, background): “…and Mullainathan, 2012); pragmatic or practical clinical trials, which aim to be representative of clinical practice (Schwartz and Lellouch, 1967; Ford and Norrie, 2016); stratified selection based on effect modifiers or propensity scores for selection (Tipton et al., 2014; Tipton, 2013a;…”
2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. (2017, methodology): “An opportunity is the implementation of pragmatic clinical trials including registry-based randomized clinical trials.(477) These trials are less selective and less expensive alternatives to classical ones, especially for therapies used in clinical practice.”