Outsourcing and Firm-level Performance

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Foreign outsourcing and firm-level characteristics: Evidence from Japanese manufacturers (2005, background): “Gorzig and Stephan (2002) distinguish external contract work from material inputs for German firms, but foreign and domestic purchases are aggregated.”
Does Outsourcing Increase Profitability? (2004, background): “Note that this finding is in line by the study by Görzig and Stephan (2002) who find from German micro data that materials outsourcing benefits firm performance, while there is no such evidence from services outsourcing.”
Shifting sources and uses of profits: sustaining US financialization with global value chains (2008, background): “In a study of German manufacturing firms, Gorzig and Stephan (2002) found outsourcing of materials to be associated with higher profits but outsourcing of services to be associated with lower profits.”
Distributed Scrum: Agile Project Management with Outsourced Development Teams (2007, background): “The German Institute for Economic Research analyzed 43,000 German manufacturing firms from 1992-2000 and found that outsourcing services led to poor corporate performance, while outsourcing production helped [26].”