Numerical efficiency, locking and unlocking of NURBS finite elements

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An implicit G1 multi patch B-spline interpolation for Kirchhoff–Love space rod (2014, background): “Substituting the components of the velocity of deformation, expressions (34), (37), (38), (39) and assembling the terms, it becomes”
Isogeometric analysis: An overview and computer implementation aspects (2012, methodology): “Existing locking removal techniques in standard FEMs were successfully adapted to IGA such as the Discrete Strain Gap method [84], the F/B-bar method [83, 85], the enhanced assumed strain method [86] and mixed formulations [87].”
Mathematical analysis of variational isogeometric methods* (2014, background): “…models is made possible by the higher regularity of splines; for nonlinear solid mechanics (Elguedj, Bazilevs, Calo and Hughes 2008, Lipton et al. 2010, Echter and Bischoff 2010, Auricchio, Beirão da Veiga, Lovadina and Reali 2010a), shape optimization (Wall, Frenzel and Cyron 2008),…”
Constitutive models for strongly curved beams in the frame of isogeometric analysis (2016, methodology): “Isogeometric approach generalizes some already used ideas both in finite elements, see [4, 5, 6, 7], and boundary elements [8, 9].”
Model-Based Control of Soft Robots: A Survey of the State of the Art and Open Challenges (2021, methodology): “Functional expansions are also used in continuum mechanics to approximate the equilibria of rods and beams [70], [71].”