Toxic plants of North America.

By G. Burrows, R. J. Tyrl. 2001

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The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 2. Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi [= Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar.] and Cynanchum louiseae (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi [= Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench] (2005, background): “Species of Cynanchum, like other milkweeds, are reported to contain cardenolides (Burrows and Tyrl 2001) and, although only a single goat was tested, the results suggest that sufficient amounts of toxin(s) are present to consider the plant dangerous for grazing livestock and wildlife, especially if…”
Occurrence, importance and control of mycotoxins: A review (2016, background): “…to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neotyphodium can produce tremorgenic mycotoxins, which are secondary fungal metabolites that elicit either intermittent or sustained tremors in vertebrate species (Burrows & Tyrl, 2001; Cole & Cox, 1981; Selala, Daelemans, & Schepens, 1989).”
Plant Life of Kentucky: An Illustrated Guide to the Vascular Flora (2005, background): “However, there are also many species that are troublesome weeds, and some are also considered poisonous, especially species of Brassica, which are known to cause a variety of toxic effects, including respiratory, digestive, neurologic, and urinary problems in livestock (Burrows & Tyrl 2001).”