Observation of NO(x) Enhancement and Ozone Depletion in the Northern and Southern hemispheres after the October-November 2003 Solar Proton Events

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Energetic particle precipitation effects on the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere in 1992–2005 (2007, methodology): “Although not shown here, the EPP IE has been observed not only in NO and NO2, but also in other NOy constituents such as HNO3 [López-Puertas et al., 2005a; Orsolini et al., 2005; Santee et al., 2004; Stiller et al., 2005].”
Influence of the Precipitating Energetic Particles on Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (2012, methodology): “The ozone depletion in the polar mesosphere and stratosphere after intensive SPE was observed by different satellite instruments (López-Puertas et al. 2005; Seppälä et al. 2007b; Funke et al. 2011).”
Solar Forcing for CMIP6 (v3.1) (2016, background): “SPE-caused NOx increases have been shown in several studies (e.g., McPeters, 1986; Zadorozhny et al., 1992, 1994; Randall et al., 2001; López-Puertas et al., 2005a; Jackman et al., 1995, 2005b, 2008, 2011, 2014; Funke et al., 2011; von Clarmann et al., 2013; Friederich et al., 2013).”
Geomagnetic activity and polar surface air temperature variability (2009, background): “[2] Odd nitrogen produced in the mesosphere or thermosphere by energetic particle precipitation (EPP-NOx) can be transported to the stratosphere where it chemically perturbs ozone (O3) distributions [e.g., Lopéz-Puertas et al., 2005; Randall et al., 1998, 2001, 2005; Seppälä et al., 2004, 2007].”