Declining scaup populations: A retrospective analysis of long-term population and harvest survey data

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Management and conservation of San Francisco Bay salt ponds: effects of pond salinity, area, tide, and season on Pacific Flyway waterbirds (2002, background): “Diving duck populations, such as scaup, have also experienced population declines (Afton and Anderson 2001).”
Integrated population models facilitate ecological understanding and improved management decisions (2018, background): “Males are often excluded from population models, especially for ducks where males contribute little parental care and sex ratios are strongly male-biased (Afton and Anderson 2001, Howerter et al. 2014).”
Phenotypic changes in spring arrival: evolution, phenotypic plasticity, effects of weather and condition (2007, background): “Low reproductive success due to poor body condition on arrival is possibly the cause of the decline of this scaup population (Afton & Anderson 2001).”