Sulfate attack expansion mechanisms

By W. Müllauer, R. Beddoe, Detlef Heinz. 2013

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Current knowledge of external sulfate attack (2015, methodology): “The use of highly concentrated solutions (El-Hachem et al., 2012a; Mullauer et al., 2013; Schmidt et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2013) usually accelerate attack, although Yu et al.”
Alternative methodology to consider damage and expansions in external sulfate attack modeling (2014, positive): “In a recent publication by Müllauer [35], it was quantified that the formation of ettringite in small pores (10 to 50 nm) generates a stress of about 8MPa that exceeds the tensile strength of the binder matrix and is responsible for damage.”
Sulfate resistance of calcined clay – Limestone – Portland cements (2019, background): “A generally accepted explanation for 471 the improved sulfate resistance of these systems is the refinement of the pore structure caused 472 by the silica-rich SCMs [21,22,29].”