The Origin of High Ice Crystal Number Densities in Cirrus Clouds

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Modelling of cirrus clouds – Part 1a: Model description and validation (2008, methodology): “, 2005; Kärcher, 2005) and box models (Sassen and Dodd, 1989; Lin et al., 2002; Gierens, 2003; Haag and Kärcher, 2004; Hoyle et al., 2005) were used.”
Ice supersaturations and cirrus cloud crystal numbers (2008, background): “…supersaturation is reduced to saturation very quickly – in the timescale of minutes – through the consumption of gas phase water by the numerous growing ice crystals formed by homogeneous freezing, which is believed to be the major process forming ice in the upper troposphere (Hoyle et al., 2005).”
Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation (2009, unknown): “On the other hand, Hoyle et al.”
Inclusion of Ice Microphysics in the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model Version 3 (CAM3) (2007, background): “tuations caused by high-frequency gravity waves that are currently unresolved in global models, but are very important in ice nucleation (Jensen and Pfister 2004; Hoyle et al. 2005; Haag and Kärcher 2004).”