The ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 pathways in DNA damage signaling and cancer.

By J. Smith, L. Tho, Naihan Xu, David A. Gillespie. Advances in Cancer Research, 2010

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DNA damage sensing by the ATM and ATR kinases. (2013, background): “Development of highly specific inhibitors of ATM, Chk1, and Chk2 has made promising progress (Smith et al. 2010).”
Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance (2012, neutral): “recombination (HR) (Smith et al., 2010).”
Systems biology of cisplatin resistance: past, present and future (2014, background): “CDDP-elicited DNA adducts can engender double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are normally repaired along with DNA synthesis (or shortly after) via homologous recombination (HR).(136) Accordingly, HR-deficient neoplasms, such as those bearing loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding breast cance”
Role of hypoxia in cancer therapy by regulating the tumor microenvironment (2019, background): “For example, the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 determines cell apoptosis rates downstream of DNA damage–induced ATR–Chk1 signaling by promoting the death of transformed cells [107, 108].”
Mechanisms of chemoresistance in cancer stem cells (2013, background): “This in turn impairs CDC25 family member activation of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and G1/S and G2/M transitions [94].”