Separation of liquid phases in giant vesicles of ternary mixtures of phospholipids and cholesterol.

By S. Veatch, S. Keller. Biophysical Journal, 2003

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Nonequilibrium physics in biology (2019, background): “In mixtures of cholesterol and lipids with high and low melting temperatures, long-lived microdomains form, but are probably due kinetic arrest in the coarsening process and are absent in the equilibrium state (Veatch and Keller, 2003).”
Seeing spots: complex phase behavior in simple membranes. (2005, background): “Liquid domains in both of these types of freestanding bilayers are generally circular, diffuse in the plane of the membrane, coalesce upon collision to form larger circular domains, and fluctuate along their domain boundaries when near critical points [30,49].”
A coupled surface-Cahn--Hilliard bulk-diffusion system modeling lipid raft formation in cell membranes (2015, background): “Such domains have been clearly observed in artificial membranes such as giant unilamellar vesicles [48, 49].”